p 

2659 


CO 


German  Political  Designs  with 
Reference  to  Brazil 


By 

LORETTA  BAUM 


Reprinted  from  The  Hispanic  American  Historical  Review, 
Vol  11,  No.  4,  November,  1919 


Reprinted  from  The  Hispanic  American  Historical  Review,  Vol.  II,  No.  4,  November,  1919 


GERMAN  POLITICAL  DESIGNS  WITH  REFERENCE 

TO  BRAZIL! 

This  article  purports  to  be  a  brief,  extensive  sketch  of  German 
political  designs  with  reference  to  Brazil— the  reason  for  their 
being,  the  means  employed  for  their  realization,  and  the  reasons 
for  their  failure.  The  article  concludes  with  a  brief  statement 
of  the  influence  these  designs  had  in  determining  Brazil's  r61e 
in  the  present  Great  War. 

German  political  designs  with  reference  to  Brazil  had  root  in 
an  economic  and  a  political  dream.  These  two  dreams  cam6 
into  aggressive  being  simultaneously  in  the  '90's  as  the  result 
of  the  sudden  outburst  of  national  energy  which  followed  the 
war  of  1870. 

By  the  end  of  the  nineteenth  century  Germany  had  outgrown 
itself  economically.  Its  rapid  increase  of  population  and  its 
extraordinary  development  of  industries  dependent  upon  the 
importation  of  raw  materials  and  the  exportation  of  manu- 
factured commodities  destroyed  German  self  sufficiency  and 
forced  Germany  to  look  out  over  the  world  for  some  resource 
to  ofi'set  the  handicap  of  restricted  territory.  As  Professor 
Wagner,  a  prominent  Berlin  economist,  said :  ''The  most  impor- 
tant task  Germany  has  to  perform  in  the  future  consists  in 
obtaining  control  of  regions  where  raw  products  necessary  to 
her  life  and  industry  are  produced". ^  The  creation  of  a  Greater 
Germany  across  the  sea,  self -feeding,  self-sufficient,  and  shut  out 

*  This  paper,  prepared  in  my  seminar  at  the  University  of  California,  makes 
no  pretense  of  being  a  thorough  survey  of  the  subject  of  which  it  treats.  In 
particular  it  has  not  drawn  upoti  German  sources.  It  is  merely  a  seminar  report, 
but  as  it  gives  an  excellent  summary  of  periodical  articles  in  English  and  some 
works  in  French,  it  has  seemed  worth  while  to  offer  it  to  the  readers  of  the 
Review. — C.  E.  Chapman. 

^  "Germany  and  Pan  Germany,"  in  Contemporary  Review  (New  York,  July, 
1903),  LXXXIV.  173-188.  This  article  gives  an  excellent  accovmt  of  Germany's 
economic  position  in  the  world  and  German  aims. 

586 


WITHDRAWN 


GERMAN   POLITICAL  DESIGNS  687 


to  all  foreign  trade  therefore  became  the  dream  of  German 
economists. 

Writings  of  all  sorts  and  conditions  of  Germans  pointed  to 
South  America,  particularly  Brazil,  as  the  "land  of  promise", 
the  land  where  this  Greater  Germany  might  rise  and  render 
Germany  economically  independent  of  other  countries,  might 
provide  it  with  raw  materials  and  secure  its  position  as  a  great 
world  power. 3  Brazil  looked  more  attractive  than  other  lands 
because  that  country  was  sparsely  settled,  had  immense  material 
resources,  had  a  healthful  climate,  and  was  poorly  governed,  but 
primarily  because  it  had  already  received  a  large  influx  of  Ger- 
man immigrants.*  Dr.  Herman  Leyser,  an  enthusiastic  German 
traveler,  in  his  recently  published  book  about  Santa  Catharina 
said  in  regard  to  these  immigrants:  ''Nowhere  are  our  colonies, 
those  loyal  offshoots  from  the  mother  root,  so  promising  as  here. 
Today  in  these  provinces  over  30  per  cent  of  the  inhabitants 
are  German  or  of  German  descent  and  the  ratio  of  their  natural 
increase  far  exceeds  that  of  the  Portuguese.  Surely  to  us 
belongsthefutureof  this  part  of  the  world.  .  .  .  Here  indeed 
in  South  Brazil  is  a  land  where  the  German  emigrant  may  retain 
his  nationality,  where  for  all  that  is  comprised  in  the  word 
'Germanismus'  a  glorious  future  smiles". ^ 

Professor  Schmoller,  a  prominent  lecturer  on  political  economy 
at  the  Berlin  University,  in  the  first  volume  of  Handels  und 
Machtpolitik  wrote:  ''We  must  desire  that  at  all  cost  a  German 

3  The  Pan  Germanic  Doctrine  (ed.  by  Percy  W.  Bunting,  London  and  New 
York,  1904),  p.  261.  This  book  is  an  anonymous  study  of  German  political  aims 
and  aspirations.  It  is  probably  the  best  book  on  the  above  subject  on  account 
of  its  translations  of  many  pertinent  original  documents  and  speeches,  and  its 
full  discussion  of  German  colonization  in  South  America. 

*  J.  Holland  Rose,  The  Origins  of  the  War,  1871-1914  (London  and  New  York, 
1915),  p.  54.  This  gives  a  clear  outline  of  conditions  leading  to  the  Great  War, 
valuable  for  the  above  subject  on  account  of  its  explanation  of  the  sudden 
outburst  of  German  energy. 

*  Stephen  Bonsai,  "Greater  Germany  in  South  America,"  in  North  American 
Review  (New  York,  January,  1903),  CLXXVI.  58-67.  This  is  an  excellent 
article  on  German  activity  in  South  America,  written  by  a  newspaper  corre- 
spondent (who,  as  it  happens,  was  with  Hindenberg's  army  on  the  east  front  in 
1915).  It  gives  helpful  information  concerning  German  exploring  expeditions  in 
Brazil,  and  activity  in  Germany,  favoring  the  colonizing  movement. 


f . 


1 


588  THE   HISPANIC   AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  REVIEW 

country  containing  some  20  to  30  million  Germans  may  grow  in 
the  twentieth  century  in  Brazil,  and  that,  no  matter  whether  it 
remains  a  portion  of  Brazil  or  becomes  a  self-containing  state  or 
enters  into  close  relations  with  our  empire.  Unless  our  connection 
with  Brazil  is  always  secured  by  ships  of  war  and  unless  Ger- 
many is  able  to  exercise  pressure  there,  our  development  is 
threatened".* 

An  anonymous  writer  in  Die  Grenzhoten,  by  far  the  most 
influential  political  weekly  in  Germany,'  advocated  the  con- 
centration of  German  effort  upon  the  three  states,  Parana,  Santa 
Catharina,  Rio  Grande  do  Sul,  in  Brazil,  where  German  colonists 
were  most  numerous  and  most  flourishing,  saying:  "As  soon  as 
Germany  has  drawn  South  Brazil  within  her  sphere  of  interest, 
she  can  offer  emigrants  an  absolute  guarantee  that  their  inter- 
ests will  be  safe  guarded.  A  colonial  army  should  be  organized 
among  the  settlers  so  that  they  need  not  return  to  Germany 
to  perform  their  military  service.  Then  in  a  few  years  a  young 
German  colonial  empire  will  grow  up  there  as  mighty  as,  if  not 
mightier  than,  any  other  that  ever  emanated  from  Europe".* 

Many  other  Germans  wrote  in  a  similar  vein,  but  in  addition 
to  these  writers,  the  great  German  colonizing  concerns,  the 
Hanseatic  Colonizing  Company  of  Hamburg  and  the  German 
Colonial  Society  of  Berlin,  had  for  their  avowed  purpose  the 
creation  of  a  German  nation  in  Brazil.  These  concerns  had 
become  lords  and  masters  of  over  8000  square  miles  of  Brazilian 
territory.  This  land  they  aimed  to  people  with  immigrants 
willing  to  be  kept  German,  to  perpetuate  the  German  language 
and  German  customs,  and  to  maintain  an  unyielding  loyalty  to 
German  economic  hopes.  They  sent  out  whole  libraries  of 
material  in  the  form  of  pamphlets,  maps,  and  newspaper  publi- 

*  Pan  Germanic  Doctrine,  p.  239. 

''J.  Ellis  Barker,  Modern  Germany  (3  ed.,  London,  1909),  p.  139.  In  this 
book  J.  Ellis  Barker,  an  English  journalist  and  author,  clearly  sets  forth  Ger- 
many's political  and  economic  problems,  its  foreign  and  domestic  policy,  its 
ambitions  and  the  causes  of  its  success.  The  volume  contains  a  brief  summary 
of  German  activity  in  Brazil  and  some  valuable  information  about  prominent 
German  writers  and  German  periodicals. 

'  Pan  Germanic  Doctrine,  p.  242. 


GERMAN   POLITICAL   DESIGNS  589 

cations  each  vieing  with  the  other  in  painting  Brazil  as  the  land 
of  the  glorious  future.  They  had  public  lectures  delivered  from 
time  to  time,  dwelling  upon  the  desirabilities  of  Germanizing 
Brazil.®  The  German  Colonial  Society  alone  published  the 
Colonial  Zeitschrift,  a  weekly,  maintained  a  permanent  museum 
of  the  colonies  in  Berlin,  promoted  a  tropical  proving  ground 
in  Hamburg  and  a  school  of  agriculture  in  Wilhemshof,  and 
founded  in  many  of  the  colleges  chairs  for  the  propogation  of 
colonial  knowledge  and  languages.^" 

But  German  writers  and  German  colonizing  concerns  were 
not  the  only  ones  to  see  in  Brazil  the  ''land  of  promise."  There 
were  the  industrialists  in  general,  shipbuilders,  iron  and  steel 
manufacturers,  owners  of  textile  mills,  etc.,  who  had  vis- 
ions of  a  time  when  coal,  iron,  copper,  petroleum,  rubber,  and 
cotton  from  a  land  worked  and  owned  by  Germans,  namely 
Brazil,  should  furnish  an  endless  supply  of  raw  stuffs.  There 
were  finally  Germany's  growing  millions,  compelled  to  import  20 
per  cent  of  their  sustenance,  who  had  visions  of  a  "horn  of 
plenty — corn,  sugar,  coffee,  cocoa,  rice,  filled  in  Brazil  from 
Germanized  soil"." 

Thus  Brazil  glowed  as  the  ''land  of  promise"  in  Germany's 
economic  dream  of  a  Greater  Germany  across  the  sea.  She  also 
played  a  part  in  Germany's  political  dream — Pangermanism. 

Pangermanism  was  no  new  notion,  for  generations  of  students 
had  enthusiastically  intoned  the  famous  line  at  the  end  of  Arndt's 
national  song  of  1813,  "Das ganze Deutschland  soil  es  sein'\^^hu.t 
in  the  '90s,  under  the  uniquely-stimulating  influence  of  Wilhelm 
II,  it  became  the  dominant  ideal  of  the  German  race.^^  He 
gave  formal  expression  to  this  ideal  in  1896  when  he  said:  "Out 

9  Frederick  William  Wile,  "German  Colonization  in  Brazil",  in  Fortnightly 
Review  (New  York,  January,  1906),  LXXXV.  129.  This  is  an  excellent  article 
of  German  activity  in  Brazil,  full  of  concrete  detail.  Its  author  was  the  resident 
Berlin  correspondent  of  the  New  York  and  Chicago  dailies  for  ten  years  pre- 
ceding the  war, 

^°  Bonsai,  op.  cit. 

"  Wile,  op.  cit. 

«  Rose,  p.  64. 

» Ibid.,  p.  67. 


590  THE   HISPANIC   AMERICAN   HISTORICAL   REVIEW 

of  the  German  empire  a  world  empire  has  arisen.  Everywhere 
in  all  parts  of  the  earth  thousands  of  our  countrymen  reside. 
German  riches,  German  knowledge,  German  activity  make  their 
way  across  the  ocean.  The  value  of  German  possessions  on  the 
seas  is  some  thousands  of  millons.  Gentlemen,  the  serious  duty 
devolves  on  you  to  help  me  link  this  Greater  German  Empire 
close  to  the  home  country  by  helping  me  in  complete  unity  to 
fulfill  my  duty  towards  the  Germans  in  foreign  parts. "^^ 

In  brief,  the  idea  of  Pangermanism  seems  to  have  been ''the 
welding  together  and  consolidating  the  Germans  in  Europe  and 
across  the  seas  ethnologically,  economically,  and  even  politically 
so  that  where  the  German  language  is  spoken  there  too  may 
German  interests  and  authority  be  paramount ".^^  But  Andr6 
Cheradame,  an  authority  on  Pangermanism,  having  made  a 
study  of  it  for  twenty-two  years,  claims  that  it  had  for  its 
aim  "not  only  to  annex  regions  inhabited  by  masses  of  Germans 
on  the  border  of  the  empire,  not  only  to  gather  within  the  same 
political  fold  peoples  who  are  more  or  less  German  by  origin, 
but  to  annex  all  regions,  irrespective  of  race  or  language,  of 
which  the  possession  is  deemed  useful  to  the  power  of  the  Hohen- 
zollerns".^^  He  says  further  that  the  doctrine  is  composed  of 
both  economic  and  political  cupidity.  It  is  a  scheme  of  piracy 
to  be  carried  on  for  the  Prussian  monarchy.  Its  object  is  by 
successive  and  indefinite  expansions  of  territory  to  include  within 
the  same  boundaries  at  first  economically,  but  afterwards  politi- 
cally, such  land  and  such  peoples  as  are  likely  to  prove  a  profitable 
possession  to  the  Hohenzollerns  themselves  and  to  the  support  of 
German  aristocracy.^^  He  quotes  as  proof  Richard  Tannen- 
berg's  book,  Grosse-Deutschland  die  Arbeit  des  20.  jahrhunderts 

^*  Pan  Germanic  Doctrine,  p.  13. 

"Ibid.,  p.  14. 

"  Cheradame,  The  Pan  Germanic  Plot  Unmasked  (transl.  and  ed.  by  Lady 
Fraser,  London,  1917),  p.  2.  The  author  aims  in  this  book  to  prove  that  the 
Pangerman  plot  is  the  dominating  cause  of  the  war.  She  makes  special  use  of 
Grosse-Deutschland  die  Erbeit  des  20.  Jahrhunderts,  drawing  the  conclusion 
from  this  and  other  German  documents  that  Germany  had  political  designs  with 
reference  to  South  America.  It  is  an  excellent  and  helpful  expos6  of  Germany's 
plans. 

"  Ibid.,  p.  5. 


GERMAN   POLITICAL  DESIGNS  591 

(Greater  Germany  Work  of  the  20th  Century)  which  appeared 
in  Leipsig  in  1911.  This  book  contains  the  exact  program  of 
annexations  to  be  made  in  Europe  and  Turkey  by  1950,  and  also 
the  exact  enumerations  of  protectorates  to  be  established  in 
South  America  by  that  date.^^ 

''Germany,"  Tannenberg  said,  ''takes  under  her  protection 
the  Republics  of  Argentina,  Uruguay,  Paraguay,  the  south  third 
of  Bolivia,  as  far  as  South  Brazil  in  which  German  culture  is 
dominant."  "German  South  America,"  he  concludes,  "will  pro- 
vide for  us  in  the  temperate  zone  a  colonial  region  where  our 
emigrants  will  be  able  to  settle  as  farmers.  Chili  and  Argentina 
will  preserve  their  language  and  autonomy.  But  we  shall 
require  that  in  the  schools  German  shall  be  taught  as  a  second 
language.  South  Brazil,  Uruguay,  and  Paraguay  are  countries 
of  German  culture.  German  will  there  be  the  national 
tongue."^^ 

Thus  Brazil  played  a  part  in  a  political  as  well  as  an  economic 
dream.  The  logical  antecedent  to  Germany's  means  of  realizing 
these  dreams  is  to  be  found  in  the  fortunes  of  her  colonization  in 
Brazil.  German  emigration  to  Brazil  dates  from  the  year  1825 
when  colonies  were  founded  in  Santa  Catharina  and  Rio  Grande 
do  Sul  at  the  invitation  of  the  Brazilian  government.  At  first 
Brazil  was  open  only  to  Portuguese  immigrants,  but  realizing 
that  it  was  necessary  to  counterbalance  the  black  population  by 
the  importation  of  white  people  and  that  Portugal  was  incapable 
of  sending  a  sufficiently  large  number  of  colonists  to  do  this,  the 
government  under  Dom  Pedro  I.  opened  the  country  to  immi- 
grants other  than  Portuguese. ^^  As  an  inducement  this  govern- 
ment provided  passage  for  immigrants,  transported  them  on 
arrival  far  into  the  country,  and  provided  them  the  first  year 
with  a  sum  of  money  to  be  paid  back  when  the  first  harvests 
were  gathered." 

i8  76iU,p.  100. 

^' Ibid.,  p.  105. 

2"  E.  Tonnelat,  L'Expansion  Allemande  hors  d' Europe  (Paris,  1908),  pp.  92-94. 
This  book  contains  articles  on  German  expansion  to  the  United  States,  Brazil, 
Chantung,  and  South  Africa.  The  article  on  Brazil  is  particularly  valuable  on 
account  of  its  concrete  discussion  of  the  first  colonies  in  Brazil. 

*'  Pan  Germanic  Doctrine,  p.  273. 


592  THE  HISPANIC   AMERICAN   HISTORICAL   REVIEW 

In  1849  the  Hamburg  Colonizing  Association  founded  a  colony 
in  Donna  Francisca  on  the  northern  boundary  of  Santa  Catha- 
rina  and  a  few  years  later  the  Blumenau  colony  was  founded  by 
Dr.  Blumenau  of  Brunswick. 22  Had  Germany  been  awake  to 
its  opportunities  then,  South  Brazil  might  now  have  been 
peopled  by  millions  of  well-to-do  German  farmers,  but  by  the 
Von  der  Heydt  rescript  of  1859  Germany  closed  South  America 
to  German  immigrants  and  therefore  lost  its  great  chance.  As 
a  result  of  this  edict  Von  der  Heydt,  the  Prussian  minister, 
prohibited  all  propaganda  in  favor  of  immigration. ^^  Therefore 
in  1874,  when  Brazil  appealed  to  Germany  to  direct  immigration 
there,  no  response  was  made.  Italy,  however,  when  asked,  sent 
thousands.  This  bill  was  repealed  in  1896.  Germany,  realizing 
its  great  mistake,  tried  to  make  it  good,  and  just  at  the  time 
when  other  nations  were  tacitly  bowing  to  the  Monroe  Doc- 
trine, began  to  organize  its  activity  in  Brazil. 2*  The  German 
program  comprised,  (1)  the  colonization  of  South  Brazil  with 
settlers  who  should  remain  German  in  language,  trade,  ideals, 
and  surroundings;  (2)  the  expansion  of  German  commerical,  in- 
dustrial, and  financial  activity,  with  control  of  the  means  of 
communication  both  inland  and  oceanic;  (3)  the  abandonment 
or  modification  of  the  Monroe  Doctrine  by  the  United  States, 
which  would  then  permit  German  economic  predominance  to  be 
txu-ned  to  political  account  without  war.^^ 

As  regards  the  first  part  of  this  program  Germany  was  ideally 
successful,  as  is  shown  by  the  following  statement  in  the  Suda- 
merikanische  Rundschau,  a  Berlin  paper  devoted  exclusively  to 
the  furtherance  of  German  interests  in  South  America.  ''North 
America  is  not  fitted  for  a  rational  emigration,  for  there  the 
peculiarities,  language,  and  customs  of  the  Germans,  in  other 
words  Germanism,  are  lost  by  way  of  assimilation.     There  the 

"  Ibid.,  p.  272. 

*'  Edgardo  deMagalhaes,  "Germany  and  South  America,"  in  Nineteenth  Century 
and  after  (New  York,  January,  1917),  LXXXI.  67-80.  This  article,  representing 
the  opinion  of  a  Brazilian,  gives  a  valuable  concrete  discussion  of  Germany's 
activities  in  South  America. 

**  Pan  Germanic  Doctrine,  p.  273. 

'*  Wile;  op.  cit. 


GERMAN   POLITICAL   DESIGNS  593 

relations  of  the  emigrant  with  the  mother  country  are  dissolved ; 
there  he  even  promotes  competition  with  the  agriculture  and 
industry  of  his  own  native  country.  It  is  not  so  in  South 
America  particularly  in  South  Brazil.  There  German  nationality 
is  preserved;  there  conditions  for  a  prosperous  existence  are 
better;  there  the  German  emigrant  becomes  a  consumer  of 
German  products  of  industry  and  in  this  way  becomes  an 
intermediary  of  commercial  and  political  relations  between  his 
new  home  and  his  mother  country,  "^e 

In  South  Brazil  Germans  became  the  leading  citizens,  being 
found  everywehre  as  local  officials,  merchants,  pastors,  teachers, 
and  artisans."  Germans  practically  populated  the  state  of 
Santa  Catharina.  There  one  heard  five  times  more  German 
spoken  than  Portuguese  and  saw  such  advertisements  as  "For 
sale,  first  class  land,  on  easy  terms  to  Germans  only.^^s  in 
numerous  communities  where  this  German  element  was  prac- 
tically exclusive,  German  self-government  existed.  Road  build- 
ing, irrigation,  and  general  public  utilities  were  all  under  German 
supervision,  and  Germans  were  even  permitted  to  maintain  a 
system  of  taxation  for  the  support  of  exclusive  German  schools 
and  churches.  There  were  several  hundred  of  these  schools  in 
South  America,  twenty  in  Santa  Catharina  alone.  In  Germany, 
the  ''Society  for  the  Perpetuation  of  the  German  Language 
Abroad"  devoted  funds  to  the  endowment  of  these  schools, 
churches,  and  libraries  in  Brazil.  Only  in  the  external  affairs  of 
the  municipalities  was  it  apparent  that  the  country  was 
Brazilian.29 

The  German  Mutual  Protection  Society,  membership  in  which 
was  open  to  all  persons  of  the  German  race,  was  an  important 

««  "German  Expansion",  in  Outlook  (New  York,  May,  1901),  LCVIII.  15001. 
This  article  in  discussing  German  expansion  quotes  from  an  unnamed  Berlin 
newspaper  and  the  Deutsche  Post,  both  quotations  proving  valuable  for  the 
above. 

"  Wile,  op.  cit. 

**  C.  N.  Mackintosh,  "German  Aims  in  Southern  Brazil",  in  South  American 
(New  York,  November,  1917).  This  article,  which  is  taken  from  the  River  Plate 
Observer,  treats  of  the  growth  of  the  German  colonies,  their  loyalty  to  their 
native  coimtry,  and  the  possibility  of  a  South  American  German  empire. 

"Wile,  op.  cit.  and  Tonnelat,  op.  cit.,  p.  118. 


594  THE  HISPANIC  AMERICAN  HISTORICAL  REVIEW 

organization  in  cementing  the  German  element  in  Brazil  and  in 
fostering  a  feeling  of  unity  among  Germans.^"  This  feeling  was 
further  fostered  by  Lutheran  pastors  who  came  from  Germany, 
remained  a  few  years,  and,  preaching  a  gospel  of  the  divine 
right  of  the  emperor,  carried  on  a  German  national  movement, 
as  well  as  by  local  German  newspapers  edited  and  managed  by 
Germans,  but  more  especially  by  the  German  clubs,  the  Vereinen 
and  the  inevitable  rifle  clubs.^^  Incidentally  these  clubs  became 
the  controlling  centers  of  well-organized  propaganda,  and,  care- 
fully nurtured  by  the  imperial  government,  proved  a  powerful 
aid  in  fiu-thering  the  aims  of  the  Fatherland. ^^  After  the  out- 
break of  the  Great  War  it  was  proved  that  these  rifle  clubs 
constituted  a  real  military  organization  destined  for  future 
conquest.  Indeed  80,000  rifles  were  confiscated  by  the 
government.^^ 

The  final  aid  to  German  nationalism  was  the  Delbrtich  law, 
formulated  by  Hans  Delbrtich,  a  distinguished  professor  of 
history  at  Berlin,^^  and  promulgated  July  2,  1913.  It  is  stated 
in  the  preamble  that  'Hhis  law  was  made  for  the  need  of  those 
who  relinquished  their  nationality  in  order  to  earn  their  living 
in  other  countries."  The  second  part  of  article  25  stated  that 
''if  any  person  before  acquiring  nationality  in  a  foreign  state 
shall  have  received  the  written  permission  of  a  competent 
authority  of  his  native  state  to  retain  his  nationality  of  that 
state  he  shall  not  lose  his  nationality  of  the  said  native  state. 
The  German  consul  shall  be  consulted  before  granting  the  said 
permission."  Thus  by  this  provision  a  German  could  become 
a  naturalized  subject  of  a  foreign  state  and  at  the  same  time 
enjoy  for  himself  and  his  descendants  all  the  rights  of  a  German 
citizen  and  all  the  protection  of  the  German  empire. ^^ 

»•>  Pan  Germanic  Doctrine,  p.  286. 

'*  Magalhaes,  op.  cit. 

3>  Brasfortlu,  "Germany  and  South  Brazil",  in  The  Spectator  (London,  Octo- 
ber, 1918),  CXVI.  375-376.  This  article  gives  a  brief  and  clear  exposition  of 
Germany  in  Brazil  from  1892  to  after  the  outbreak  of  the  Great  War,  showing 
by  its  concrete  detail  the  aggressiveness  and  cupidity  of  the  Germans. 

''  Magalhaes,  op.  cit. 

34  Barker,  op.  cit.,  p.  273. 

36  Gh6radame,  op.  cit.,  p.  195. 


GERMAN   POLITICAL  DESIGNS  595 

Thus  German  nationality  was  secured  in  South  Brazil  and 
success  in  the  first  part  of  the  German  program  in  that  country 
ideally  realized.  Germany  was  equally  successful  with  the 
second  part  of  its  program,  namely,  commercial,  industrial,  and 
financial  expansion.  Acting  upon  the  idea  that  the  control  of 
communications  was  the  most  effective  guarantee  of  economic 
predominance,  Germany  secured  control  of  the  Brazilian  carrying 
trade.  Its  three  great  lines,  the  Hamburg  American,  the  North 
German  Lloyd,  and  the  Hamburg  South  American  Steam  Ship 
Company  divided  the  Atlantic  frontage  of  Brazil  into  well 
defined,  non-conflicting  sections  and  centralized  commerce  in 
their  hands. '^  Germany  also  secured  a  monopoly  of  tonnage, 
lighterage,  and  water  transportation  in  general,  and  attempted 
to  secure  control  of  inland  communications  by  sending  out 
numerous  exploring  expeditions,  which  were  to  be  followed  by 
the  construction  of  pioneer  railways.  Dr.  Karl  Von  Steinen's 
expedition  into  West  Brazil  was  of  this  type,  for  it  was  followed 
up  by  the  construction  of  the  Rio  Grande  Northwest  Railway." 
It  has  been  suggested  that  this  latter  activity  was  strongly 
reminiscent  of  the  devices  used  by  Russia  to  break  the  way  for 
political  aggrandisement  along  the  Russo-Asiatic  frontier. ^^ 

Through  German  banking  houses,  especially  the  Brazilian 
Bank  of  Germany,  Germany  considerably  developed  its  trade 
and  industry  in  Brazil.  In  all  the  busy  trade  centers  of  Central 
and  North,  as  well  as  South,  Brazil,  the  German  flag  waved  over 
important  commercial  establishments  whose  headquarters  were 
either  in  Berlin  or  Hamburg.^^  In  short,  Germany  entered  every 
field  of  economic  activity  in  Brazil  and  was  preeminent  in  most. 

Having  secured  national  and  economic  predominance  in  South 
Brazil,  Germany  revealed  the  next  step  in  a  significant  editorial 

^8  Wile,  op.  cit. 

"  Bonsai,  op.  cit. 

^^  Frederick  Austin  Ogg,  "German  Interests  and  Tendencies  in  South 
America",  in  World's  Work  (New  York,  March,  1903),  I.  p.  169.  This  is  a  compre- 
hensive sketch  of  German  designs  with  reference  to  South  America.  It  gives  a 
detailed  and  particularly  significant  interpretation  of  the  German  exploring 
expeditions  in  South  America. 

^^  Wile,  op.  cit. 


596  THE   HISPANIC  AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  REVIEW 

in  the  Deutsche  Post,  ''we  observe  that  a  love  for  the  individual 
states  is  growing  at  the  expense  of  Brazil's  unity.  We  should 
not  wonder  if,  especially  in  consequence  of  mal-administration 
at  Rio  Janeiro,  the  Federal  capital,  the  states  of  Parana,  Santa 
Catharina,  and  Rio  Grande  do  Sul  at  least  some  day  should 
declare  for  secession  and  independence.  Then  a  new  outlook 
would  be  open  to  Germany."*"  Thus  a  situation  might  have 
arisen  in  which  these  states  would  suddenly  consider  themselves 
misgoverned,  as  the  Deutsche  Post  suggested,  and  they  would 
then  appeal  to  Berlin  for  redress  by  force  of  arms  and  for  future 
protection.  Perhaps  that  protection  could  be  secured  only  by 
placing  the  colonists  and  their  territory  under  the  German  flag. 
But  here  Germany  would  encounter  the  Monroe  Doctrine,  the 
abandonment  or  modification  of  which  formed  the  third  and 
most  vital  part  of  the  German  program. 

Germany  failed  in  accomplishing  this  last  part  of  its  program, 
though  German  rulers  and  writers  called  the  Monroe  Doctrine  an 
"empty  pretension".  Hugo  Mtinsterberg,  a  professor  of  Har- 
vard University,  in  his  book.  The  Americans  even  cited  it  as  the 
cause  for  a  future  war  between  the  United  States  and  Europe, 
saying:  ''The  Yankee  will  soon  realize  the  folly  and  error  of 
his  arguments.  ...  If  South  America  were  set  free  from 
this  tutelage,  if  its  bearing  were  limited  to  Central  America,  the 
possibilities  of  a  conflict  between  the  United  States  and  Europe 
would  be  considerably  diminished".'*^ 

The  Monroe  Doctrine,  as  is  well  known,  virtually  asserted  that 
henceforth  the  Americas  were  not  to  be  regarded  as  fields  for 
future  colonization,  that  European  countries  must  not  extend 
their  monarchial  systems  here,  and  that  they  must  refrain  from 
interfering  in  general  with  the  new  republics.  Thus  this  doctrine 
by  its  very  nature,  backed  by  the  force  of  the  United  States,  was 
the  greatest  obstacle  in  the  way  of  Germany's  realizing  its 

*"  "German  Expansion",  op.  cit. 

*i  Francisco  Garcia-Calder6n,  Latin  America:  Its  Rise  and  Progress  (New 
York,  1915),  p.  294.  The  author,  a  young  Peruvian  in  the  diplomatic  service, 
aims  to  set  forth  in  this  book  the  entire  evolution  of  the  South  American  Re- 
publics. He  devotes  an  excellent  chapter  to  a  discussion  of  the  "GermanPeril", 
stating  what  it  is  and  why  it  cannot  be  realized. 


GERMAN   POLITICAL  DESIGNS  597 

politico-economic  dream  of  a  Greater  Germany  in  South  America. 
Another  obstacle  was  found  in  the  Brazilians  themselves,  for  they 
recognized  in  the  German's  determination  to  remain  German 
in  everything  but  formal  citizenship  a  decided  peril  to  their 
country.  Ruy  Barbosa,  the  great  liberal  of  Brazil,  in  an  address 
to  the  federal  congress  at  Rio  de  Janeiro  referred  scathingly  to 
this  organized,  unyielding  foreign  invasion,  and  alleged  that 
through  it  South  Brazil  was  undergoing  gradual,  but  thorough, 
denationaHzation.*2  Dr.  Murtinho,  the  most  prominent  pub- 
licist in  Brazil,  also  set  forth  the  danger  in  a  stirring  speech, 
calling  upon  his  countrymen  to  stand  shoulder  to  shoulder  in 
defense  of  their  nationality.^^ 

Thus,  although  Germany  dreamed  of  a  Greater  Germany  in 
Brazil,  and  although  that  dream  was  realized  to  the  extent  of 
the  German  colonists  becoming  nationally  and  economically 
predominant,  the  great  plan  was  doomed  to  final  failure  by  the 
Monroe  Doctrine,  the  resistance  of  the  Brazilians,  and  finally 
by  the  relatively  small  German  population  in  Brazil,  for  the 
400,000  or  more  colonists  (Parana,  60,000  Germans;  Santa 
Catharina,  170,000;  Rio  Grande  do  Sul,  220,000)  were  lost  in 
the  national  mass  of  19,000,000  Brazilians.  But  the  definite 
aspirations  of  Germany  in  Brazil  proved  a  vital  force  in 
determining  Brazil's  role  in  the  Great  War. 

At  first  Brazil  diligently  strove  to  maintain  a  policy  of  neu- 
trality toward  all  belligerents,  but  this  was  very  difficult  for 
several  reasons.  In  the  first  place  the  remarkable  ascendancy 
which  French  culture  exerted  over  many  Brazilian  thinkers  was 
a  potent  influence  in  ranging  public  opinion  on  the  side  of  the 
Allies,  and  this  was  reinforced  by  the  entrance  of  the  mother 
country,  Portugal,  into  the  war.  In  the  second  place,  in  Rio  de 
Janeiro  the  Brazilian  capital,  public  sentiment  was  overwhelm- 
ingly against  the  Germans.  This  sentiment  was  aggravated  by 
rumors  of  wireless  stations  being  erected  on  the  south  coast  of 
Brazil  by  German  sympathizers  and  of  fishing  smacks  spying 
upon  the  movements  of  English  steamships,  but  particularly  by 


*^  Wile,  op.  cit. 
"  Bonsai,  op.  cit. 


598  THE   HISPANIC  AMERICAN  HISTORICAL  REVIEW 

the  German  newspapers,  which  tried  to  counteract  and  contra- 
dict all  news  favorable  to  the  Allies  and  freely  expressed  German 
hopes  concerning  Brazil  in  the  event  of  a  German  victory.^* 

The  actual  declaration  of  war  was  brought  about  by  the 
torpedoing  of  the  Brazilian  ships  Parana  and  Macau  by  German 
U-boats,  and  by  the  Luxburg  dispatches,  which  revealed  a  plot 
to  violate  Brazilian  sovereignty  by  consolidating  the  German 
settlement  in  Brazil.     These  dispatches  were  made  known  to 
the  Brazilian  authorities  by  Secretary  Lansing.     As  is  well 
known,  they  had  been  sent  to  the  German  foreign  office  by 
Count  Luxburg,  German  Charge  d' Affaires  of  the  Argentine 
Legation.45    But  perhaps  the  underlying  and  goading  force  back 
of  this  declaration  of  war  was  the  fear  that  Germany  would  some 
day  plant  a  colonial  empire  in  Brazil,  for  it  had  long   been 
■evident  that  ''the  Hohenzollerns  will  begin  their  fight  for  a  place 
in  the  Hispanic  American  sun  by  entering  her  southern  prov- 
ince, where  a  colony  of  over  400,000  Germans,  who  have  never 
allowed  themselves  to  be  Brazilian  to  the  slightest  extent,  are 
waiting  to  receive  the  Vaterland  with  open  arms".''^  At  Rio  de 
Janeiro  no  secret  was  made  of  the  fact  that  it  was  for  protection 
against  Germany  that  the  two  great  dreadnoughts  Minas  Geraes 
and  Sao  Paulo  were  built  ten  years  ago  and  at  the  same  time  a 
universal  military  service  law  was  enacted.*''     Ruy  Barbosa  in 

^^ William  Spence  Robertson,  "The  Position  of  Brazil",  in  Nation  (New- 
York,  February  22,  1917),  CIV.  208-209.  This  is  an  elucidating  article  setting 
forth  Brazil's  quandary,  whether  or  not  to  enter  the  Great  War.  It  contains 
two  interesting  quotations  from  speeches  made  by  Ruy  Barbosa  showing  his 
realization  of  the  German  peril  in  Brazil  after  the  war  should  the  Germans  prove 
victorious. 

^*  "Brazil  at  War",  in  New  York  Times  Current  History  (New  York,  Decem- 
ber, 1917),  VII.  pt.  I.  439-440.  This  article  contains  an  account  of  Brazil's 
declaration  of  war,  and  the  reproduction  of  two  dispatches  sent  by  Count 
Luxburg  to  the  foreign  office. 

*^  Frederick  Bliss  Luquiens,  "Latin  America  and  the  War",  in  Century  Maga- 
zine (New  York,  October,  1918),  XCVI.  859-864.  This  article  explains  the 
Hispanic  American  Countries'  attitude  towards  the  Great  War,  weighing  in  the 
balance  the  pro-Ally  elements  and  the  pro-German  elements. 

*'  "Brazil's  Interest  in  the  War",  in  North  American  Review  (New  York, 
March,  1918),  CCVII.  339-342.  This  article  gives  an  excellent  discussion  of 
the  German  peril  in  Brazil  and  the  reasons  for  Brazilian  entrance  into  the  war, 
^stressing  particularly  the  fear  of  Germany. 


GERMAN   POLITICAL  DESIGNS  699 

a  stirring  speech  delivered  in  the  municipal  theater  in  Rio  de 
Janeiro  made  these  designs  one  basis  of  an  appeal  to  the 
Brazilians  to  revoke  their  neutrality,  saying:  "The  juridical 
questions  of  the  present  war  and  the  burning  problem  of  neu- 
trality afford  common  ground  for  all  America,  especially  South 
America  where  is  found  on  Teutonic  maps  a  South  Germany. 
.  .  .  If  the  Central  Powers  are  victorious  in  this  war  the 
German  nation,  intoxicated  by  pride  of  the  triumph,  with 
Europe  prostrate  at  her  feet,  will  not  hesitate  to  settle  accounts 
with  the  United  States  and  violating  the  Monroe  Doctrine, 
which  the  United  States  has  not  the  means  to  preserve,  will 
proceed  to  obtain  in  South  America  those  regions  which  the 
cartography  of  Pan  Germanism  has  often  designated  as  the 
natural  seat  of  her  leonine  sovereignty.  Such  is  my  mature, 
profound,  and  liberal  conviction". ^^  Strangely  enough  this 
speech  of  Barbosa's  echoed  one  made  by  the  German  Admiral 
Von  Goetz  to  Admiral  Dewey  in  1898,  in  which  Von  Goetz 
said:  ''About  fifteen  years  from  now  my  country  will  start  a 
great  war.  She  will  be  in  Paris  about  two  months  after  the 
commencement  of  hostilities.  Her  move  on  Paris  will  be  but  a 
step  to  her  real  project,  the  crushing  of  England.  Some  months 
after  we  finish  our  work  in  Europe,  we  will  take  New  York  and 
probably  Washington.  .  .  .  The  Monroe  Doctrine  will  be 
taken  charge  of  by  us  and  we  will  dispose  of  South  America  as 
we  wish".^^ 

Thus  the  German  element  in  Brazil  with  its  aggressive  pro- 
German  propaganda  and  its  great  potentialities  proved  a  vital 
factor  in  causing  Brazil's  decision  to  enter  the  war  against 
Germany.  The  Great  War  brought  German  political  designs 
with  reference  to  Brazil  well  into  the  foreground  and  the  issue 
was  presented  clearly  and  forcefully  to  such  Brazilian  leaders 
as  Ruy  Barbosa.  But  the  realization  of  those  designs  was 
destroyed  forever  by  the  outcome  of  the  conflict. 

LORETTA    BaUM. 

**  Robertson,  op.  cit. 

*9  Edward  Perry,  "The  New  World  after  the  War",  in  South  American  (New 
York,  January,  1918).  This  article  sets  forth  the  political,  financial,  and  com- 
mercial problems  confronting  the  statesmen  of  Hispanic  America.  It  refers  to  the 
German  designs  in  South  America  urging  the  reality  of  these  designs. 


600  THE   HISPANIC   AMERICAN   HISTORICAL   REVIEW 

The  following  excerpt  is  taken  from  an  undated  manuscript  in  the 
Library  of  Congress  by  R.  Cleary,  A.M.,  M.D.,  entitled  "Brazil  under 
the  Monarchy.  A  record  of  Facts  and  Observations,  From  notes 
taken  in  Brazil  during  a  period  of  more  than  twenty  years".  Its 
author,  who  was  married  to  a  German  woman  in  Brazil,  exercised  his  pro- 
fession in  the  country,  and  appears  to  have  had  an  excellent  opportunity 
to  study  the  people  and  country.  What  he  says  of  German  colonization 
in  Brazil  is  of  interest  in  connection  with  Miss  Baum's  article. — J.  A.  R. 


Chap.  Ill 
Colonization.    Foreigners  in  Brazil  and  their  social  status 

Perhaps  it  is  well  to  commence  with  the  vital  question  of  Coloniza- 
tion in  Brazil  under  the  Empire.  The  writers  on  Brazil  alluded  to  in 
the  last  chapter  as  interested  speculators  are  those  who  published 
exaggerated  and  glowing  accounts  of  the  country  to  aid  the  expensive 
and  imbecile  scheme  of  German  Colonization  which  at  an  enormous 
and  extraordinary  outlay,  introduced  fifty-two  thousand  immigrants  in 
fifty-two  years;  "by  their  fruits  shall  ye  know  them,"  and  this  official 
result  ought  to  be  enough  to  condemn  the  whole  fabric,  but  facts  and 
figures  are  too  weak  to  force  the  harpy  from  his  prey,  though  the 
Republicans,  and  the  better  classes  of  the  land  not  in  the  Government, 
made  themselves  heard  incessantly  against  the  iniquitous  expenditures 
of  the  public  funds  to  fee  the  supporters  of  an  effete  government. 

Certain  contractors,  such  as  Pinto  and  Holtzwessig  of  Porto  Alegre, 
received  from  the  Imperial  Government  fifteen  dollars  a  head  for 
colonists,  without  regard  to  their  quality,  and  for  a  long  time,  so  long 
as  the  speculation  paid,  these  worthy  contractors  succeeded  in  emptying 
European  jails  (if  we  may  believe  the  contemporaneous  newspapers 
on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic),  and  inducing  the  most  ignorant  of  the 
farm  laborers  and  vagabonds  of  Germany  to  go  to  the  Brazilian  Utopia, 
where  disappointment  and  disgust  awaited  them,  and  in  too  many 
cases,  a  life  of  misery  and  hard  labor  crowned  their  efforts  to  extract  a 
living  from  the  sterile  hills,  swampy  bottoms,  and  dried  plains  of  South 
Brazil.  Not  that  there  is  not  a  great  deal  of  fairly  good  land  through- 
out that  section,  but  it  is  all  taken  up  by  the  natives  and  the  new- 
comers have  only  the  reversion  of  the  refuse  (the  "refuga"  the  people 
called  it) .  Nor  do  I  mean  to  say  that  all  the  Germans  there  are  of  the 
character  above  stated,  but  the  great  mass  of  them  are,  and  their 
progress  proves  it. 


GERMAN   POLITICAL  DESIGNS  601 

On  the  arrival  of  Colonists,  by  the  regulations  of  the  Imperial  Gov- 
ernment, they  were  consigned,  without  much  choice  in  the  matter,  to 
the  different  colonies  or  settlements  on  the  public  domain,  under  the 
tender  mercies  of  an  Imperial  Director,  who,  according  to  law,  managed 
to  keep  them  for  years  in  the  worst  kind  of  servitude,  I  mean  debt, 
working  on  the  rudimentary  roads  at  the  cheapest  rates,  to  assist  the 
poor  results  of  their  agricultural  labors,  and  thus  to  be  able  to  poorly 
sustain  their  famiUes,  until  no  more  could  be  squeezed  from  the  poor 
colonist,  when,  to  use  the  very  words  of  the  law,  they  were  manumitted. 
Many  and  many  times  I  have  seen  these  poor  men  in  the  Colony  of 
Taguary,  and  of  the  Cedro,  and  Rancho  Queimado,  and  elsewhere, 
laboring  on  the  almost  vertical  hillsides  of  the  rough  country  of  Sta. 
Catharina,  scratching  up  the  sparse  soil  to  plant  a  few  beans  in  order 
to  feed  their  children,  and  all  under  a  vertical  boihng  sun.  It  makes 
my  heart  ache  to  remember  it.  As  a  proof  of  the  unfitness  of  the 
large  majority  of  the  German  colonists,  take  the  fact  that  in  the  large 
and  much  praised  colony  of  S.  Leopoldo  in  Rio  Grande  do  Sul,  which 
today  counts  perhaps  some  twenty-five  thousand  souls  or  more,  though 
they  have  been  settled  there  for  more  than  fifty  years,  they  have  made 
no  real  progress,  nor  have  they  introduced  anything  new,  except  a 
wretched  quahty  of  undrinkable  small  beer,  and  a  villainously  sour 
wine,  but  in  general  plant  only  what  they  found  amongst  the  Bra- 
zilians on  their  arrival,  and  exactly  in  the  same  Adanioc  manner.  I 
knew  an  Irishman  in  Porto  Alegre,  Scotchman  he  called  himself,  as  if 
the  latter  was  more  honorable  than  the  former,  in  the  province  of 
Rio  Grande  do  Sul,  who  tried  in  vain  to  introduce  amongst  the 
Germans  the  general  use  of  ploughs:  they  would  not  accept  them, 
but  preferred  hoes  and  spades,  and  in  the  great  majority  of  cases, 
sticks,  to  make  holes  with  in  the  ground,  for  seeds.  This  remark  needs 
explanation,  and  certainly  our  agricultural  laborers  will  look  aghast 
when  they  learn  that  a  great  part  of  the  cultivation  is  performed  with 
the  hoe,  in  rare  instances  with  the  spade,  and  this  only  when  the  farmer 
has  had  his  eyes  opened  enough  to  abandon  the  regular  custom  of 
making  a  hole  in  the  ground  with  a  stick,  dropping  therein  the  seed,  and 
covering  it  by  a  scrape  of  his  foot.  It  is  true,  as  above  stated,  that  a 
few,  a  very  few,  used  the  spade,  which  is  but  a  poor  substitute  for  that 
grand  symbol  of  civilization,  the  last  perfected  work  of  Tubal  Cain, 
the  saviour  of  the  world,  the  plough.  Why  is  it  that  such  abnormities 
are  not  found  amongst  us?  Is  it  not  because  we  are  not  paternally 
cared  for  by  such  a  paternal  government  as  that  of  the  Empire,  when 


602  THE   HISPANIC   AMERICAN   HISTORICAL   REVIEW 

the  protective  system  entered  everywhere;  nothing  was  too  minute  for 
it,  and  the  colonists,  or  Brazihan  laborers,  were  saved  the  trouble  of 
thinking  for  themselves,  and  had  to  serve  as  contributors  to  the  wealth 
of  their  masters.  Many  Brazihan  gentlemen  have  complained  to  me 
of  this  state  of  things. 

There  are  thousands  and  thousands  of  these  people,  bom  in  the  coun- 
try, who  speak  neither  the  vernacular  tongue  of  the  land,  nor  correct 
German,  and  as  a  consequence,  as  a  rule,  the  authorities  over  them  were 
Brazilian  Imperialists.  They  never  had  their  due  proportion  of  represen- 
tation in  the  National  or  Provincial  councils,  and  only  once  in  a  while, 
(once  that  I  know  of)  a  German  entirely  Imperialized  would  be  elected 
to  serve  without  influence.  .  Thus  they  were  at  the  mercy  of  agents 
grossly  ignorant  and  bitterly  bigoted,  who  despised,  envied,  and 
Qppressed  them,  whose  only  recommendations  were  their. partisanship 
for  the  monarchy.  Allemao  became  a  word  of  reproach,  and  Alle- 
maozinho  (little  German,  meaning  a  man  born  in  the  country  of  German 
parents)  was  always  an  alien  even  to  the  third  generation,  and  was 
never  considered  equal  to  his  Portuguese  descended  fellow  country- 
men, even  when  they  were  of  the  stock  of  slave-hunters  mixed  with 
negroes  from  the  African  coast.  There  are  a  few,  alas  a  very  few, 
exceptions  to  the  above  rule,  where  the  intelhgent  German  colonists 
learned  the  language  of  the  land,  and  passed  a  tranquil  life  almost 
free  from  persecutions  and  disgusts;  and  also  there  were  many  Bra- 
zilians, better  informed,  and  generally  republicans,  who  fully  compre- 
hended the  question,  but  unfortunately  they  could  not  lift  the  weight 
of  governmental  pressure  which  kept  them  down,  and  thus  were 
totally  powerless  to  instruct  the  badly  disposed  of  their  fellow  country- 
men, or  to  repress  the  tendencies  of  the  ignorant  that  judged  them- 
selves offended  in  their  rights  and  interests  by  the  superiority  of  the 
more  intelligent  of  the  foreigners,  and  the  preference  they  sometimes 
received  from  the  more  advanced  of  the  natives.  I  say  sometimes, 
for  the  preference  was  so  unpopular  with  the  masses,  that  it  required 
some  courage  to  exercise  it,  more  indeed,  than  will  be  generally  found 
anywhere.  This  state  of  things,  of  course,  brought  about,  amongst  a 
people  held  forcibly  in  ignorance  by  the  government  of  the  Empire, 
a  steady  and  a  sturdy  opposition  to  foreigners,  and  hence  immigrants 
were  not  received  with  open  arms,  not  even  when  they  were  Portu- 
guese; nor  even  with  indifference  at  all  times,  but  they  too  frequently 
encountered  repulsive  and  insulting  gestures,  threatening  looks,  and 
sometimes  curses,  all  of  which  I  have  witnessed  in  Porto  Alegre.     They 


GERMAN   POLITICAL   DESIGNS  603 

say  that  the  foreigner  goes  to  Brazil  to  "ganhar  a  nosso  dinheiro"  (to 
earn  our  money),  a  common  expression  which  every  Brazilian  will 
recognize  at  once. 

Besides  the  impotent  and  expensive  provisions  of  the  government 
for  colonization,  they  have  committed  the  grave  error  of  allowing 
their  exaggerated  nationaUsm  to  become  too  apparent  even  in  the  legis- 
lative halls  of  the  country.  A  well  known  and  much  esteemed  delegate 
in  the  National  Assembly,  amidst  the  enthusiastic  applause  of  his 
fellow  monarchists  declared  that  "we  ought  to  preserve  the  national 
sentiment  against  foreignerism,"  and  also  that  the  said  foreignerism 
"invades  and  smothers  the  country" — which  burst  of  eloquence  was 
utterly  condemned  by  every  Republican  in  the  land. 

Such  sentiments  "out-Herod  Herod,"  and  withal,  there  are  men 
who  tell  us  of  the  friendly  hospitality  of  Imperial  Brazil;  it  is  perfectly 
absurd  to  so  distort  facts,  and  though  the  Imperialists  would  feign  and 
cringe  when  it  was  to  their  interest  or  shame  so  to  do,  they  felt  nothing 
but  apprehension  of  freer  ideas  from  foreigners,  and  in  consequence,  a 
malicious  repulsion,  which  was  an  eternal  stopper  on  the  progress  of 
the  land.  In  the  words  of  the  most  respected  and  wealthy  merchant 
(a  German)  in  the  Province  of  Sta.  Catharina,  "you  may  be  a  murderer, 
a  robber,  a  swindler,  anything,  but  do  not  be  a  foreigner  in  Brazil  when 
you  sue  out  a  question  with  the  government."  This  gentleman, 
together  with  almost  aU  the  other  Germans  in  the  provincial  capital, 
formed  a  society  apart,  and  lived  as  much  separated  from  the  Bra- 
zilians as  possible.  I  have  found  this  the  practice  in  every  part  of 
Brazil  I  have  visited,  the  foreigners  forming  colonies  apart,  and  so 
slow  was  the  process  of  amalgamation  that  it  hardly  existed  at  all. 
And  here  let  me  state  that  once  in  a  while  could  be  found  a  monarchist 
who  would  lift  up  his  voice  against  the  colonization  abuses  and  work 
hard  for  a  reform  and  denounce  the  errors  or  injustice  of  the  government 
even  in  the  legislative  halls.  Senator  Jaunay  was  one  of  these  bright 
exceptions,  but  even  he  became  less  enthusiastic  after  he  became  a 
senator.  dwncioit  LSbnxf 

I  am  today  persuaded  that  the  great  mass  of  the  Brazilians  of  the 
present  generation  are  indifferent  if  not  hostile  to  the  colonists  whom 
they  need,  and  that  they  are  always  dissatisfied  when  a  foreigner 
emerges  from  a  lower  level,  and  that  they  only  wish  for  immigrants  as 
substitutes  for  the  freed  slaves,  to  perform  the  hardest  labor,  a  wish 
that  fortunately  is  difficult  to  realize.  The  case  could  hardly  be 
otherwise  with  a  jealous  people,  whose  instruction  had  been  neglected 


604  THE  HISPANIC  AMERICAN  HISTORICAL  REVIEW 

by  the  government,  and  who  were  kept  in  error,  apparently,  purposely 
to  keep  them  besotted,  in  their  docility  to  their  grasping  masters. 
Do  not  blame  the  poor  people,  blame  their  Imperial  governors! 

When  the  peculiar  management  of  the  German  colonists  daily 
proved  more  and  more  abortive,  and  it  became  palpable  that  slavery 
was  fast  dying  out,  in  spite  of  the  experience  of  more  energetic  races, 
they  commenced  using  every  effort  to  inflict  the  curse  of  Chinese  labor 
upon  their  unhappy  land. 

It  is  hard  to  believe  that  Brazil,  a  country  almost  as  large  as  Europe, 
and  fairly  favored  by  nature,  was  created  by  God  and  then  discovered 
by  Columbus  and  Cabral  merely  as  an  asylum  for  the  offshoots  of  one 
of  the  smallest  and  most  insignificant  monarchies  of  Europe,  and  the 
descendants  of  the  imported  African  negroes.  That  little  backward 
monarchy  is  today  nearly  exhausted  of  its  superfluous  population,  and 
perhaps  because  it  is  rich  in  colonies,  it  can  not  furnish  sufficient  emi- 
grants for  Brazil;  the  six  thousand  who  go  from  there  to  Brazil  annually 
form  but  a  drop  in  the  sea  and  is  insignificant  as  a  mode  of  increasing 
the  population;  moreover,  the  African  fountain  is  happily  dried  up 
forever.  As  for  Germany,  England,  Italy,  France,  and  Austria,  they 
have  shown  themselves  hostile  to  the  emigration  of  their  subjects  to 
Brazil,  on  account  of  the  unhappy  state  of  affairs  narrated  above, 
and  because  the  children  of  those  nations  have  derived  no  sterling 
benefit  in  the  "land  of  the  Holy  Cross,"  whilst  on  the  contrary,  a  fair 
proportion  of  the  Portuguese  immigrants  have  always  done  well,  many 
of  them  exceedingly  well;  because  they  receive  no  favors  or  subsidies 
from  the  government,  and  besides  they  are  more  closely  alhed  to  their 
new  fellowcountrymen  than  other  foreigners;  they  assimilate  with  the 
natives  more  easily,  they  speak  the  same  language,  they  have  the  same 
religion  and  traditions,  and  become  the  fathers  of  what  are  considered 
genuine  Brazilians.  Yet  even  the  Portuguese  have  been  roughly  treated 
for  the  crime  of  being  foreigners,  especially  and  notoriously  in  Pernam- 
buco.  The  better  class  of  them  were  monarchists  to  a  man,  which  is 
not  the  case  with  most  of  the  other  foreigners.  I  can  not  express  the 
popular  sentiment  on  this  subject  under  monarchical  teachings  better 
than  in  the  following  words  of  a  caustic  sarcastic  writer  in  Rio  de 
Janeiro  on  the  subject. 

"The  Portuguese  are  the  only  foreigners  who  possess  well  sounding 
names;  this  is  what,  in  truth,  is  desired,  and  nothing  else,  except  to 
perpetuate  the  State  and  the  actual  population.  We  want  no  intrusion 
of  foreigners  with  barbarous  names,  which  are  less  melodious  than 


GERMAN   POLITICAL  DESIGNS  605 

our  own;  we  want  no  people  who  do  not  belong  to  our  own  land,  and 
above  all,  we  do  not  want  the  children  of  Protestant  foreigners  to  seat 
themselves  with  us  at  the  banquet  of  fifty-three  thousand  dollars 
(public  funds  expended);  we  have  advanced  well  enough  without  a 
deluge  of  intruding  and  unnecessary  foreigners,  and  forward  still!  Let 
us  feign  to  want  them  as  heretofore,  Brazil  is  great  enough  for  the 
Brazihans!"  If  it  were  not  for  the  black  shadow  of  the  monarchy,  in 
a  land  rich  enough  in  general  if  well  cultivated,  enormous  would  have 
been  the  number  of  emigrants  to  its  shores,  helped  by  favorable  ad- 
ministration of  the  laws,  and  a  friendly  reception  on  an  equal  footing. 
If  it  were  not  so,  the  owner  of  an  illustrious  name  would  not  have 
cried  aloud  in  the  periodical  The  Aurora,  No.  3,  April,  1863,  against 
Brazil's  occupation  of  the  lowest  place  in  the  Ust  of  nations,  etc.,  etc. 

Knowing  well  his  country  and  the  circumstances  of  the  case,  and 
that  the  immigrants  who  have  reached  the  country  have  failed  to  impel 
it  forward  on  the  road  to  a  more  advanced  civihzation,  and  contemplating 
a  heterogeneous  population  of  more  than  ten  millions  of  people,  and 
knowing  to  what  an  extent  the  sycophantism  of  the  Empire  benumbed 
progress,  the  inteUigent  writer  in  The  Aurora  could  arrive  at  no  other 
conclusion. 

The  wise  government  of  the  Prince  von  Bismarck,  correctly  informed 
in  the  case,  prohibited  the  shameless  seduction  of  the  lower  orders  of 
its  subjects  into  emigration  to  Brazil,  under  heavy  penalties,  and 
cherishing  the  interests  of  the  poor  people,  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  one 
day  such  exodi  will  cease  entirely.*  Then  the  contractors  tried  for 
any  and  every  kind  of  material:  Russians,  Tyrolese,  NeapoUtans, 
French,  etc.,  etc.,  and  God  keep  those  who  fall  into  the  snares  of  these 
blood-sucking  speculators. 

EFFECTS      OF      GERMAN      COLONIZATION.      CECARACTER      OF      COLONISTS. 

MUCKERS.      CIVIL   EMPLOYMENTS.      IRISH   COLONISTS.      FRENCH 

AND   RUSSIAN    COLONISTS.      CHINESE   LABOR.      ITALIANS. 

Though  German  colonization  is  in  the  condition  I  have  stated,  if  not 
worse,  Brazil,  in  spite  of  the  narrow-miaded  poUcy  of  the  Imperial 
Government,  owes  very  much  to  the  Germans,  as  many  of  the  principal 
professional  men,  merchants,  and  artisans;  and  in  the  South,  the  best 
of  the  bad  cultivators  of  the  soil,  are  of  that  nation;  and  by  their  inteUi- 
gence,  industry,  and  talents,  have  made  their  mark  so  indelibly,  that  it 

*  This  was  written  in  imperial  times. 


606  THE   HISPANIC   AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  REVIEW 

is  impossible  to  describe  anything  commendable  there,  without  includ- 
ing the  industrious  people  under  consideration;  yet  as  far  as  I  have 
conversed  with  them,  to  a  man,  they  condemn  the  odious  system  of 
colonization  in  practice,  unless  one  or  another  who  is  deriving  profit 
from  speculation  in  the  flesh  and  blood  of  his  own  countrymen.  The 
only  woolen  goods  factory  in  the  South  is  in  Rio  Grande  do  Sul,  and  is 
a  very  large  and  flourishing  concern  which  supports  some  hundreds  of 
people,  and  is  the  German  factory  of  Rheinganz  &  Co. 

Thus  much  in  favor  of  the  Germans  and  no  more,  for  their  peculiar 
clannish  prejudices,  and  unwilHngness  to  learn  of  others,  have  ever 
prevented  them  from  being  successful  colonists,  even  under  the  most 
favorable  circumstances,  nor  as  a  body  have  they  ever  radically 
benefitted  those  countries  to  which  they  have  emigrated. 

Their  one  great  industry  is  industry,  but  plodding  industry,  which 
in  Brazil  in  the  midst  of  stagnant  surroundings,  has  not  advanced  one 
jot  beyond  what  was  its  condition  in  the  beginning,  except  such  ad- 
vancement as  naturally  resulted  from  increased  numbers.  Just  as 
they  introduced  "Anarchists"  into  the  United  States,  they  introduced 
"Muckerism"  into  Brazil.  The  Muckers,  as  the  respectable  Germans 
called  the  fanatics,  were  a  gang  of  soi-disant  religionists  who  appeared 
in  the  Country  of  Sao  Leopoldo  in  the  year  1874,  under  the  apparent 
leadership  of  a  woman,  named  Jacobina,  an  old  soldier,  one  Andre  Tup- 
per,  and  Einsfeldt,  a  blacksmith,  though  they  were  all  moved  to  action 
by  a  fanatic  person  named  Klein.  This  Klein  had  been  in  the  United 
States,  and  failed  to  do  well,  and  went  to  Porto  Alegre,  and  taking 
advantage  of  the  ignorance  of  the  colonists,  soon  found  suitable  instru- 
ments and  formed  a  new  religion  after  the  model  of  Johan  von  Leiden 
and  KnipperdoUing,  and  improved  on  Mormonism.  Jacobina  was 
Prophetess  or  Christ  as  she  called  herself,  and  the  sect  soon  numbered 
more  than  250  persons.  They  abolished  marriage,  and  as  a  substitute, 
arranged  a  solemn  ceremony  to  finish  up  their  regular  religious  exercises. 
The  lights  in  the  temple  would  be  extinguished,  and  the  congregation 
left  in  utter  darkness,  when  they  would  dance  around  the  building 
until  all  was  confused,  when  each  man  would  seize  the  nearest  woman 
for  his  happy  partner. 

In  order  to  revenge  a  desertion  from  their  sect,  Einsfeldt  murdered 
a  young  man  in  the  main  street  of  Sao  Leopoldo  in  broad  daylight, 
and  fled;  he,  it  appears,  being  the  "Danite"  of  the  Muckers.  This 
was  going  too  far,  and  the  Imperial  authorities  who  had  all  along  been 
very  indifferent  about  the  business,  sent  to  arrest  Einsfeldt,  but  failed 


GERMAN   POLITICAL  DESIGNS  607 

to  do  SO.  In  the  end  they  sent  600  infantry  and  four  pieces  of  artillery 
against  the  Muckers,  and  after  losing  several  men  and  officers  including 
their  commander,  this  httle  army  managed  to  capture  all  that  were 
left  aUve  of  the  twenty-seven  who  had  resisted.  Klein  and  Einsfeldt 
were  tried;  Klein  was  acquitted  for  want  of  evidence,  and  Einsfeldt 
by  one  of  the  tricks  usual  in  Imperial  Courts  of  Justice:  there  were 
some  eight  or  ten  witnesses  who  had  seen  him  going  to  Sao  Leopoldo, 
but  he  produced  seventy  who  swore  they  had  not  seen  him,  and  the  jury 
was  instructed  to  accept  this  testimony,  and  it  did  so  and  acquitted  him. 
This  was  Muckerism. 

The  only  public  employment  open  to  men  of  foreign  birth  in  South 
Brazil  was  that  of  Surveyor  of  the  Colonial  Lands,  who  were  charged 
also  with  opening  the  mule  tracks  called  roads  in  the  colonies.  These 
positions  are  mostly  filled  by  Germans  who  united  with  some  of  their 
Brazilian  colleagues  and  made  war  on  all  other  foreigners,  except  now 
and  then  a  Frenchman  who,  having  family  connections  amongst  the 
people  of  the  country,  could  not  be  ousted. 

Perhaps  I  may  appear  somewhat  discursive,  but  I  am  taking  the 
facts  from  my  notes  as  they  come,  and  they  will  as  well  be  understood 
thus  as  in  a  better  form. 

In  the  Province  of  Santa  Catharina  there  are  colonies  or  parts  of 
colonies,  which  have  been  abandoned,  as  the  land  is  very  mountainous, 
heavily  wooded  and  without  proper  communications,  and  the  soil  not 
being  more  than  of  a  very  ordinary  quality,  only  with  the  most  severe 
labor  will  it  yield  a  bare  subsistence  to  those  who  work  it.  When  the 
land  is  more  flat,  it  is  subject  to  floods  frequently,  and  the  whole 
country  swarms  with  vermin,  such  as  ants,  rats,  locusts,  birds,  etc., 
and  so  it  goes.  Besides  these  drawbacks  colonists  and  their  families, 
men,  but  generally  women  and  children  were  frequently  murdered  by 
the  Indians :  not  a  year  passed  without  several  of  those  cases  occurring, 
yet  the  Imperial  Government  serenely  smiled  indifferent  to  the  suffer- 
ing and  misery  of  its  own  guests.  I  remember  a  peculiarly  touching 
case  at  Taguary :  a  poor  colonist  sent  three  of  his  children,  a  girl  of  14 
years,  and  two  little  tots  to  a  planted  field  some  few  hundred  yards 
from  his  house,  when  the  Indians  came  up  and  after  horribly  muti- 
lating the  two  eldest,  murdered  them;  the  youngest  escaped  by  hiding 
under  a  bush.  The  poor  father  in  despair,  broke  up  and  went  back 
to  Germany,  and  the  Imperial  authorities  did  nothing. 

As  an  example  of  the  working  of  the  Imperial  system  (and  note  that 
almost  every  person  not  of  the  government  party  or  employ  in  the 


608  THE   HISPANIC   AMERICAN   HISTORICAL   REVIEW 

land  was  opposed  to  it)  take  the  fact  that  in  August  of  the  year  1879, 
some  hundreds  of  people  from  an  Italian  colony,  in  a  body,  abandoned 
the  model  colony  of  Itajahy  in  the  Province  of  Santa  Catharina,  and 
returned  to  their  homes  in  disgust,  protesting  strongly  in  the  public 
newspapers  against  the  bad  treatment  they  had  suffered,  and  the 
deceptions  practiced  on  them  by  the  Imperial  officers.  This  soon 
became  -a  party  question  and  for  weeks  the  newspapers  were  filled 
with  long  articles  attacking  or  defending  the  Imperial  Director,  various 
reasons  having  been  given  as  the  cause  of  the  exodus.  In  fine  the 
debate  was  taken  up  by  the  National  Assembly,  who  with  the  usual 
lucidity  which  characterized  that  body  under  the  Empire,  failed  to 
arrive  at  a  satisfactory  conclusion,  whilst  the  cause  was  as  apparent  as 
the  day  to  outside  observers.  It  was  the  natural  outcome  of  an 
attempt  to  force  arbitrary  Imperial  measures  on  a  hasty  and  impetuous 
people,  which  had  been  often  successfully  tried  with  others  more  docile 
and  more  helpless  in  such  a  case. 

Such  outbreaks  amongst  the  colonists  were  continually  occurring,  as 
the  Imperial  Director  almost  invariably  swindled  them  in  their  pay- 
ments and  once  in  a  while  the  authorities  would  send  a  military  force 
to  hold  them  in  order. 

Such  after  the  war  in  the  United  States,  a  colony  of  so-called 
Americans  was  formed  near  Blumenau  in  the  same  Province;  it  was 
composed  almost  in  its  entirety  of  Irish,  many  of  them  ex-soldiers  from 
the  two  armies,  who  soon  quarreled  with  the  Director,  rowed  with  the 
Imperial  authorities,  and  abandoned  the  colony  one  by  one,  until  not 
an  Irishman  remained  to  tell  the  tale. 

Near  Curityba  in  the  Province  of  Parand,  was  formed  a  French 
colony,  and  in  less  than  two  years  afterwards,  I  passed  through  the 
place,  and  saw  the  empty  houses  which  had  been  abandoned  by  the 
colonists,  and  a  dreary  commentary  it  was  on  the  Imperial  system  of 
colonization:  roofs  fallen  in,  grass  growing  on  the  hearthstones,  the 
ruined  huts  being  shelters  for  vermin,  and  the  buzzards  in  flocks 
brooding  over  the  picture  of  wretchedness.  I  knew  of  two  other 
failures  in  the  same  province.  At  Assungu,  on  the  richest  and  fairest 
public  lands  in  the  Empire,  a  colony  was  founded  in  1867  or  8,  and 
now  it  presents  a  more  dreary  appearance  than  the  French  colonial 
site  above  mentioned;  not  even  the  ruins  are  to  be  discovered. 

And  in  1879,  the  government  imported  a  lot  of  long  coated  Russian 
peasants  to  start  a  colony  in  the  Province  of  Parand,  but  hardly  had 
they  landed  when  the  row  commenced,  they  positively  refusing  to  the 


GERMAN   POLITICAL   DESIGNS  609 

least  insolence,  and  now  it  is  hard  to  find  one  of  them.  Well  did  the 
Imperial  authorities  know  these  facts,  and  after  such  constant  failures 
it  was  concluded  that  a  docile  race  was  necessary  for  success,  and  as  a 
"dernier  ressort,"  the  Liberal  (?)  Prime  Minister  of  Brazil,  Mr.  Sinimbu, 
in  September  of  the  year  1879,  recommended  a  measure  which  was 
fatuously  believed  would  sustain  the  large  landed  proprietors  by  fur- 
nishing them  slaves  or  their  substitutes  to  take  the  place  of  the  negroes 
who  were  rapidly  becoming  enfranchised.  He  proposed  the  acquisition 
of  Chinese  labor  by  contract,  singularly  ignoring  American  and  Enghsh 
experience,  singularly  ignoring  the  fact  that  he  would  thus  repel 
European  labor  from  the  Brazilian  shores,  and  singularly  ignoring  that  he 
would  thus  give  a  fearful  blow  at  the  national  progress,  but  this  question 
was  most  ably  treated  by  the  talented  editor  of  the  "Rio  News"  in  the 
number  of  October  15th,  1879,  to  which  I  would  refer  those  who  would 
wish  to  continue  the  sickening  question. 

After  many  imbecile  failures,  as  will  be  readily  understood  from  the 
foregoing  pages,  at  last,  in  the  eighth  decade  of  the  century,  the  Im- 
perial Government,  noting  the  refusal  of  the  United  States  to  receive 
them  promiscuously,  succeeded  in  inducing  some  thousands  of  Itahans 
to  come  to  their  country  as  colonists,  and  to  this  end  large  sums  of 
money  and  immense  misrepresentations  were  expended.  But  the 
treatment  of  these  people  was  so  negligent,  not  to  say  barbarous,  that 
numbers  of  them  demanded  to  be  sent  back  again,  and  numbers  de- 
serted Brazil  and  went  on  to  the  La  Plata  River.  The  colony  of 
"Rodrigo  da  Silva,"  as  well  as  several  other  points  in  the  interior,  was 
in  a  state  of  revolution  because  of  bad  treatment  and  impossibility  to 
obtain  payment  for  work  done  for  the  government.  In  one  place  they 
paraded  the  streets  demanding  food  to  save  them  from  starvation, 
and  threatened  to  sack  the  town  if  the  people  did  not  do  something 
to  appease  their  hunger.  A  military  force  was  sent  there,  and  with 
this  and  temporarily  giving  them  some  coarse  food,  they  were  quieted 
enough  to  be  dispersed,  over  the  land  to  die,  if  they  chose,  singly; 
what  cared  the  Imperial  Government!  Many  were  crowded  into 
small,  unhealthy,  and  badly  fitted  coast  steamers  and  sent  off  to  the 
southern  provinces,  many  dying  on  the  voyage  from  filth  and  neglect, 
and  for  those  who  reached  their  destination,  the  same  neglect  and 
wretchedness  awaited  them,  so  that  hundreds  became  beggars  in  the 
streets  of  the  towns,  so  much  so  that  the  Rio  Grande  newspapers 
made  a  vain  and  great  outcry  against  this  foul  inhuman  abuse.  The 
military  escorted  266  of  them  prisoners  from  the  interior  to  Rio  de 


610  THE   HISPANIC   AMERICAN    HISTORICAL   REVIEW 

Janeiro,  because  they  had  revolted  against  the  Imperial  Director  who 
failed  to  pay  them  for  work  done  and  left  them  to  starve. 

In  Rio  de  Janeiro  in  May,  1889,  hundreds  were  wandering  through 
the  streets,  and  begging  alms,  sleeping  at  night  in  that  pest  ridden 
city  in  doorways  or  on  the  side  walks,  or  in  the  public  parks.  Under  the 
office  of  the  British  Consulate  in  D.  Manoce  Street  was  a  place  for 
extending  the  imperial  national  hospitality  to  these  invited  guests;  it 
was  an  old  warehouse  without  windows  or  flooring,  where  some  hun- 
dreds of  men,  women,  and  children  were  pigged  together,  in  all  their 
filth  and  wretchedness,  without  beds  or  clothing,  and  allowed  to  starve, 
that  is  those  who  were  too  sick  to  march  off  to  a  bakery  and  receive 
one  small  piece  of  bread  as  a  daily  allowance.  Mr.  Nicolini,  the  British 
Consul,  told  me  that  the  stench  was  terrible,  and  that  one  day  he  saw 
three  dead  bodies  carried  out;  and  also  that  one  poor  woman  whose  milk 
had  dried  for  want  of  food  complained  that  her  babe  was  starving, 
when  the  imperial  pohceman  on  duty  threatened  to  take  her  off  to 
jail  if  she  did  not  be  quiet. 

These  are  only  a  very  few  of  the  hardships  to  which  these  poor 
people  were  subjected,  and  if  any  one  should  imagine  the  picture 
exaggerated,  he  can  refer  to  the  daily  newspapers  of  Rio  of  the  time. 
The  0  Paiz,  the  Republican  paper,  was  particularly  interesting, 
especially  for  the  date,  4th  May,  1889. 


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